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PCTel HSP MicroModem Configuration mini-HOWTOSayamindu DasguptaJan Stifter
1. Introduction1.1. Copyright Information
1.2. DisclaimerThe methods described in this document might damage your data or your PC or both. The authors will not be responsible for any damage that might arise out of the use of this document. Use this document ENTIRELY at your own risk. All copyrights are held by their respective owners, unless specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Naming of particular products or brands should not be seen as endorsements. You are strongly recommended to take a backup of your system before major installation and backups at regular intervals. 1.3. New VersionsThe latest version of this mini-HOWTO will always be made available in my homepage (many thanks to Peaceful Action for hosting my homepage) in a variety of formats:
1.4. CreditsI am extremely grateful to the howtos[NO_SPAM]@frodo.hserus.net list members for their support, especially to USM Bish. The members of the discuss@linmodems.org list have been very helpful too, specially in the initial phase of the howto-writing. I am also extremely grateful to Phil Richard Burchill, Rajesh Fowkar, KV Pham, Bram Vonk, Derek Cordeiro, Steven Sangster and Andrew Kar (akar) for their valuable suggestions and corrections. The sgml-stuff has been done with the help of the template written by Stein Gjoen, Gregory Leblanc and Greg Ferguson. I am also indebted to Greg Ferguson for cleaning up the mess I had made with Docbook :-). 1.5. FeedbackIf you have any comments, criticisms, ideas, additions, corrections, then please do mail them to <unmadindu_NO_SPAM_@Softhome.net>. But for technical queries, we suggest that you ask at the discuss@linmodems.org mailing list.
1.7. Conventions used in this documentWe have used a number of special formatting to indicate warning messages, commands, filenames, computer outputs etc.
2. Purpose of the mini-HOWTOThe purpose of this document is to guide you to make your PCTel HSP MicroModem work in GNU/Linux. First let me explain what is so "special" about these PCTel modems that made me write this guide. These modems fall in a special class of hardware, specifically made for M$-Windows systems, and have device drivers which are specific for M$-Windows ...These modems are also called "Winmodems" and are one of the most troublesome pieces of hardwares for GNU/Linux. Most of the winmodems do not work with GNU/Linux (the manufacturers use patented technologies and so drivers for these modems cannot be developed as Open Source). For a few of these winmodems, drivers have been developed The PCTel modems belong to this category and fall under linmodems.
3. Where to get the driversNow let me come to the next obvious question, that is; Where are the drivers?? Well, if you are impatient, and if you have a 2.4x series kernel then go to http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/pctel-linux/, and if you are stuck with the older 2.2.x kernels, go to http://modems.dewback.cl (the exact link for the file it self is http://modems.dewback.cl/pctel-2.2.tar.gz ) But there are a number of drivers in both the sites, and you will definitely feel confused..so read on. 4. Choosing a suitable driverThe driver version that you will have to use depends on the kernel version you have. To know your kernel version, you will have to issue the command uname -r If you see something like 2.2.x, go to http://modems.dewback.cl and download the pctel 2.2x drivers from the PCTel section of that site. If you see something like 2.4x, go to http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/pctel-linux/ and download the pctel 0.9.6 (pctel-0.9.6.tar.gz) drivers from that site.
5. Compiling and installing the driversThe first requisite for installation is that you have a kernel source in /usr/src/linux/ (see section 7.7) and it must be configured, that is, you should have done a bash$ make configure and bash$ make dep on it. While doing these make sure that you have the source for your running kernel...for example, if you are running kernel 2.4.8 and if you have the source for kernel 2.4.9 in /usr/src/linux/, then the drivers would not work. Moreover, you must configure the kernel with isapnp and pnp support and see to the fact that you don't have a smp/uniprocessor mismatch ( that is, running uniprocessor kernel but having a kernel source with smp support in /usr/src/linux). Also, you will need a kernel which supports loadable modules. And of course, you need to have gcc installed, check it by issuing the command bash$ gcc -v . If you do not get any errors, then everything is all right
5.1. Installing the 2.2x drivers.Login as root. Make sure that you have a 2.2.x kernel with the command bash$ uname -r Check whether the downloaded files are in your current directory with the bash$ ls command. Then unpack the downloaded files with the command bash$ tar -xzvf pctel-2.2.tar.gz Once you have unpacked, you will be left with a ~/pctel directory. Move into that directory with the command bash$ cd pctel/ There is an (install.sh) installation script that makes the job easier from now on. Make this script executable with the command bash$ chmod +x install.sh Then, just run the script bash$ ./install.sh You will see a number of messages fly by as the appropriate device files/nodes are made in the /dev/ directory, the driver files are unpacked and then compiled and loaded into the memory. Once the process is complete without any error messages (if you get any errors, proceed to the Troubleshooting section), you will find that a new directory called lib/ has been created under directory ~/pctel/. This ~/pctel/lib/ directory contains the drivers/modules that can be loaded into the kernel. If you move into the ~/pctel/lib/ directory with bash$ cd ~/pctel/lib/ and do a bash$ ls, you will find two files there, one called pctel.o and the other ptserial.o These are the two modules that are to be loaded to make the modem work. To load the modules, you will have to issue the commands bash$ insmod pctel.o bash$ insmod ptserial.o from the ~/pctel/lib/ directory. (The install.sh script automatically does this, so you don't need to do the insmod part after running the script, but once you reboot, you will have to load the modules by bash$ cd `your pctel directory`/lib/ bash$ insmod pctel.o bash$ insmod ptserial.o ) 5.2. Installing the pctel-0.9.6 driverMake sure that you have kernel 2.4.0 or greater by the command bash$ uname -r Unpack the downloaded files with the commands bash$ tar -xzvf pctel-0.9.6.tar.gz Now you will have a pctel-0.9.6 directory cd into that with the command bash$ cd pctel-0.9.6/ Now comes the complicated part. To proceed further you will have to know what chip set your modem has.See section 9.4 for more information on this. Once you have got the name of the chip set, just type one of the following commands (depending on the chip set) If you have a PCT 789 chip set, bash$ ./configure --with-hal=pct789 If you have a CM8738 chip set, bash$ ./configure -with-hal=cm8738 If you have a chip set integrated with an i8** chip set based box, bash$ ./configure --with-hal=i8xx If you have a chip set integrated with an VIA 686a chip set based motherboard , bash$ ./configure --with-hal=via686a The configure script will run and a number of messages will fly past. Check for any error messages that may fly past. When you have the prompt again, (and if you have not got any errors), compile the drivers with the command bash$ make Then if you do not get any error messages , install the drivers with the command bash$ make install (You will have to be logged in as root for performing the last step) Then just load the drivers with the commands bash$ insmod pctel bash$ insmod ptserial NOTE: These commands can be issued from any directory as the insmod program will automatically find the drivers pctel.o and ptserial.o in /lib/modules/`your kernel version`/misc/ )
However, if you have an AMR modem, then you will have to use the 0.9.6 drivers. 5.3. Installing the pctel-0.8.6 driver
Make sure that you have kernel 2.4.0 or greater by the command bash$ uname -r Unpack the downloaded files with the commands bash$ tar -xzvf 0.8.6.tar Now you will have a pctel-0.8.6 directory cd into that with the command bash$ cd pctel-0.8.6/ Now comes the complicated part. To proceed further you will have to know what chip set your modem has.See section 9.4 for more information on this. Once you have got the name of the chip set, just type one of the following commands (depending on the chip set) If you have a PCT 789 chip set, bash$ ./configure --with-hal=pct789 If you have a CM8738 chip set, bash$ ./configure -with-hal=cm8738 If you have a chip set integrated with an Intel 810 chip set based motherboard from Intel, bash$ ./configure --with-hal=i810intel If you have a chip set integrated with an Intel 810 chip set based motherboard from SIS, bash$ ./configure --with-hal=i810sis If you have a chip set integrated with an VIA 686a chip set based motherboard , bash$ ./configure --with-hal=via686a The configure script will run and a number of messages will fly past. Check for any error messages that may fly past. When you have the prompt again, (and if you have not got any errors), compile the drivers with the command bash$ make Then if you do not get any error messages, install the drivers with the command bash$ make install (You will have to be logged in as root for performing the last step) Then just load the drivers with the commands bash$ insmod pctel bash$ insmod ptserial (these too, like in the case of the pctel-0.9.6 drivers, can be issued from any directory as the insmod program will automatically find the drivers pctel.o and ptserial.o in /lib/modules/`your kernel version`/misc/ ) 6. Testing the driversThere is only one way to check whether the drivers are working or not. You will have to see if your modem is recognized or not. The driver makes a node for your modem at /dev/ttyS15 , no matter what com port it may be in in M$DOS/M$ Windows. /dev/ttyS15 is symlinked to /dev/modem and as most programs search for a modem at /dev/modem first, you will not have to fiddle with the settings/configs of those programs. The program that I use to test my modem in GNU/Linux is minicom. If you have minicom installed, what you have to do is type bash$ minicom in a shell prompt or in a terminal emulator window. If everything is all right, you will see a Initializing modem message for a few seconds and then a screen with a blinking cursor. Just type in ATZ in that screen and hit the enter key. If you see a OK message, then, congratulations, your modem is working in GNU/Linux. Type in ATI 3 and hit enter and you will see a PCtel HSP56 MicroModem output. If you get a error message, or if you fail to get any response from minicom proceed to the troubleshooting section. If everything is all right up to now, you can go ahead to configure your dialer software and connect to the internet, and please do take some time to submit your modem information to the compatibility database at http://pctelcompdb.sourceforge.net. Also, you may consider helping out the author. See this section for more information. 7. A few other points that must be noted.Here are a few more points you might find to be of interest/useful. 7.1. The unofficial PCTel winmodem-Linux compatibility database.There has been a lot of confusion over the --with-hal option which has to be used with the configure script, and for that, I coded a MySQL-PHP driven database that takes in information from the modem owners, so that newbies can browse and search the database, and find their modems' chipsets. If you have a PCTel modem, then please do submit your modem information at http://pctelcompdb.sourceforge.net. 7.2. Loading the modules at automaticallyWell, if you have the pctel.o and ptserial.o files in /lib/modules/`your kernel version`/misc/ , you can just add these lines to your /etc/modules.conf file
Run bash$ depmod -a after modifying your /etc/modules.conf . In this case, running ppp would automatically load these modules. You can also write up some shell-script and put them in your /usr/bin/ directory (I have a sample of such a script in the appendix section) 7.3. Country codesThe ptserial.o driver also lets you specify the country code, though for most situations, the default of USA is all right. If you still want to specify the country code, load the ptserial.o module with the command bash$ insmod ptserial country_code=x (where x is the country code you want) The list of country codes with the corresponding country names is listed below. Table 1. Country Codes
7.4. Other options while loading the modules.The other options that you may want to use while loading ptserial.o are: For all HALs : - irq: Force to using irq #. - iobase: Force to use iobase for modem detection. Only for I810/VAI686A HALs: - iobase1: Force the iobase 1
Only for CM8738/PCT789 HALs: - vendor_id: vendor ID of the modem - device_id: device ID of the modem.
7.5. The sequence of loading/unloading the modules.When you load the modules, you must load the pctel.o module at first bash$ insmod pctel and then the ptserial.o bash$ insmod ptserial While unloading, the sequence is reversed, bash$ rmmod ptserial bash$ rmmod pctel 7.6. Bugs in the pctel-0.9.6 and the 0.8.6 versions.There is a serious bug in the drivers for the kernel 2.4x The modem often seems to stop working/hang while dialing out, and you get nothing but a beeeeeeeeee... sound from the modem speaker and later, the dialer gives a message No Carrier and disconnects. This problem has no real workaround , but sometimes unloading and reloading of the modules work. For that the commands will be (assuming that you have the modules in /lib/modules/'your kernel version`/misc/ ) bash$ rmmod ptserial bash$ rmmod pctel bash$ insmod pctel bash$ insmod ptserial
When the problems become too acute, the only solution seems to be rebooting. It has been also noticed that sometimes, this problem is ISP dependent, with the problem surfacing when using a particular ISP. 7.7. Directory of the kernel source filesIf you get an error saying /usr/src/linux/include/linux/modversions.h : no such file or directory, look in your /usr/src directory for the kernel source. The default location is /usr/src/linux/ but some distributions may install the files somewhere else. If you find that the files are somewhere else, say in the directory, /usr/src/myspecialsource/ , do not try to move the files, just create a symbolic link with the command bash$ ln -s /usr/src/myspecialdirectory/ /usr/src/linux/
7.8. PnP BIOS issuesAs most computers are designed for M$-Windows operating systems, the BIOS of the computer assumes that you have a what it calls a "PnP OS installed". This may cause trouble with these types of modems in GNU/Linux (specially if you have resource conflicts) and so the best bet is to change the option "PnP OS installed" to "No". To do these, you have to perform the following steps: During startup, when you see "Memory Test" messages, CPU information, BIOS information, just press the DEL key (if that does not work, usually one of the Function (Fx) keys work..check your manual). You will be presented with the BIOS configuration menu. Enter the "PNP/PCI Configuration" section and set the option for "PNP OS Installed" to "NO". Save the changes you have made, and then reboot.
7.9. AMR modemsThere are certain PCTel chip set based internal modems that go into AMR slots instead of the normal PCI slots. They are usually identified as HSP MR by the bash$ lspci command. These modems are supported by the pctel-0.9.6 drivers only. 7.10. Possible conflict with sound modulesRecently, there were some posts in the discuss@linmodems.org list that the PCTel modules worked only after the sound modules were unloaded with the bash$ rmmod command. If you do not get a response from your modem even after the pctel.o and ptserial.o modules have been loaded, then you can try unloading the sound modules, and then reloading the PCTel modules. However, this problem does not occur if you are using the commercial ($$$) drivers from www.opensound.com . 8. FAQ/TroubleshootingHere is a set of common problems that you may face, along with their possible solutions. 8.1. Compiling Problems
If this occurs, you will have to patch your configure script. Download the file configure.patch from here and give the command cat configure.patch | patch -p0
You need to have your kernel source installed under /usr/src/linux/ If you have the kernel source installed somewhere else, just make the appropriate symlink. (see section 7.7 for more information) If you have that installed under /usr/src/linux/ , run bash$ make config bash$ make dep in /usr/src/linux/ You need to be logged in as root while doing bash$ make install 8.1.4. I have gcc 3 and while compiling, I get an error which goes like this <command line>:1:13: multi-line string literals are deprecated make[3]: *** [ptserial.o] Error 1. This should not happen anymore since the pctel-0.9.6 driver was released to address this issue. However, if you still face such a problem, (with an older driver or something like that), you will have to edit the file <your pctel directory>src/ptserial/Makefile. In that file, find out the line which says
and change that to
....and then recompile.
Alternatively, you may also try out the pre-compiled (distro specific) drivers at http://www.geocities.com/jcmp3/. Just note that I have not personally tested out these drivers, and I don't know much about them. See the answer to the previous question (8.1.4). 8.2. Problems while loading the modules.
Firstly, check that you are loading ptserial.o only after loading pctel.o. If that does not solve the problem, then probably you have compiled your modules for the wrong kernel version. Check your kernel version with the command bash$ uname -r and then verify if you have the right files in /usr/src/linux . Moreover, if you have a running kernel for a uniprocessor machine and have kernel source in /usr/src/linux/ that is configured for smp support, then you will get unresolved symbols. A method to check whether you have a smp supporting source is by running bash$ make menuconfig in /usr/src/linux/ and seeing whether smp support is selected. Another way to get rid of the unresolved symbols problem is to use the fixscript package from http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/pctel-linux/fixscript.gz The procedure is to: Unpack the downloaded file with bash$ gzip -d fixscript.gz Make it executable with bash$ chmod +x fixscript Run it with bash$ ./fixscript old_module.o new_module.o This will create the new module, which you can try to load with bash$ insmod new_module.o If fixscript reports an error like objcopy: --redefine-sym: Symbol x is target of more than one redefinition then, fixscript can not help you. The best method is of course, to fix your kernel source and recompile the drivers. Make sure that you do a bash$ make clean before recompiling. You will have to be logged in as root to load the drivers, otherwise, you can also type in the bash$ su command and then load the drivers. 8.2.3. I get a Warning: loading /lib/modules/2.4.19/misc/ptserial.o will taint the kernel: non-GPL license - GPL linked with proprietary libraries message while loading the modules. This message is just to inform you that you are loading a proprietary module which is not supported by the Linux kernel developers. It also serves as a warning that the drivers have not been officially tested with the kernel, and may cause problems, and tells you that you should not send bug reports to the kernel developers if you face system instability or any other problems after loading these proprietary drivers.
8.2.4. I get a The module you are trying to load (/lib/modules/2.4.18-14/misc/pctel.o) is compiled with a gcc version 2 compiler, while the kernel you are running is compiled with a gcc version 3 compiler. This is known to not work. message while loading the modules. Try to load the modules with the commands with insmod -f pctel and insmod -f ptserial instead of the plain insmod pctel and insmod ptserial.
8.3. General modem based problems.
First of all, check if you really have the drivers loaded. You can do this by the command bash$ lsmod This command lists all the modules that you have loaded, and if you see something like
then, the modules are correctly loaded. If not, just load them and retry. Also check whether the file /dev/modem is symlinked to /dev/ttyS15 Remember, even if msdos or Microsoft Windows tells you that the modem is in com 3 or com 4, in GNU/Linux the driver makes it appear in /dev/ttyS15 (the Microsoft equivalent of which will be com 16!!) If you are in doubt, I suggest that you re-create the device files by the commands bash$ rmmod ptserial bash$ rmmod pctel bash$ rm /dev/ttyS15 /dev/modem bash$ mknod /dev/ttyS15 c 62 79 NOTE: the numbers after /devttyS15 are distribution specific, and the c 62 79 works for Red Hat Linux and derivatives. If you have any other distribution, please check your documentations. bash$ chgrp uucp /dev/ttyS15 bash$ chmod 666 /dev/ttyS15 bash$ ln -s /dev/ttyS15 /dev/modem This is a bug with the drivers for the kernel 2.4x series Refer to section 7.6 for more information. This is usually solved by adding ATX3 to your modem init strings. The process of adding the ATX3 init string varies depending on the dialer you are using. For example, if you are using wvdial, you need to add X3 at the end of the Init2 line in the file /etc/wvdial.conf. On the other hand, if you are using KPPP, you will have to add ATX3 in the Initialization String 1 field, which can be found in the Modem Commands section of the Modem of the Setup dialogue box of KPPP. First of all, check if the drivers are loaded or not and then see, if any program is using the modem. If everything seems to be all right, try to find out the irq of your modem with the command bash$ lspci -v If the irq listed is obviously incorrect (like 0) (or does not tally with your M$-Windows configuration) then either use the setserial command bash$ setserial /dev/ttyS15 irq * (where * is the irq of your modem) or fiddle with the BIOS settings (see section 7.8) Another possibilty may be that your sound modules are conflicting with the PCTel modules. Refer to section 7.10 for this. 8.4. I have a problem that is not listed in this section. What do I do?The output of the command bash$ tail /var/log/messages will give you a lot of information if anything goes wrong The normal output should be something like this
Mail the output you get to the <discuss@linmodems.org> list( more on this in section 9.2.2), and wait for a reply. 9. Appendix9.1. A sample script file to load the modules.
You can save this file as modemon and then isuue the commands bash$ chmod 700 modemon bash$ cp modemon /usr/bin/modemon Now, whenever you type in the command bash$ modemon , the modules will get loaded automatically 9.2. Web ResourcesThere are a number of websites, mailing lists that may help you while you try to configure your modem. 9.2.1. Web sitesThe unofficial pctel linux driver site at http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/pctel-linux/ The unofficial PCTel modem-Linux compatibility database at http://pctelcompdb.sourceforge.net. The linmodem site (the mother page of all linmodem projets) at http://www.linmodems.org A huge lists of lin/winmodems at http://www.idir.net/~gromitkc/winmodem.html A list of AT commands from PCTel at http://www.pctel.com/atcommands_dev.htm For latest information related to linmodems, visit http://linmodems.technion.ac.il/. The linmodem-howto is available at http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Linmodem-HOWTO.html. 9.2.2. Mailing listsThe most important mailing list for linmodems is You can subscribe to that list by going to http://www.linmodems.org or by sending a blank e-mail to <discuss-subscribe@linmodems.org> . 9.3. Other drivers that are availableI have seen a number of modem manufacturers (Dax, Zoltrix, Lectron, Tiacom etc) providing linux drivers for their modems that have PCTel chip sets. Actually most (if not all) of these drivers are slightly modified form of the drivers at Jan's and the modems.dewback.cl site, and so, in most cases, there is no point in downloading them. However, you may try out the pre-compiled (distro specific) drivers at http://www.geocities.com/jcmp3/. Just note that I have not personally tested out these drivers, and I don't know much about them. Moreover, in the early days of 2.4x kernels, Thomas Wright had made a PCTel driver and you can find it in his website at http://www.geocities.com/tom_in_rc/. 9.4. Identifying the chip set of the modemWell, the best way to identify the chip set of your modem is to open up the cabinet of the machine., gently pull out the modem from it's slot (only if it is not integrated into your motherboard), and see the name printed on the black chip on the modem. (be very very careful while doing these, and make sure that all power supplies to the system is disconnected, and touch the ground/a metallic surface before handling any of the circuitry/wires in the machine). But sometimes, this is not possible and so you will have to adopt other methods. The next best method is to run the command bash$ lspci -n This command will give you the numeric PCI id of your modem (you may have to run bash$ lspci to crosscheck the device id) and you will have to submit the number at http://www.yourvote.com/pci/ Here you may or may not get the exact name of the chip set you have. The unofficial PCTel modem-Linux compatibility database at http://pctelcompdb.sourceforge.net. might also be of some help in this case If you do not get the name, you can go through the database at http://www.idir.net/~gromitkc/winmodem.html#drivers and search for an entry on your modem. You can also ask at the local LUGs or ask your friends or even (a bad way, no doubt), ask the support personnel of your modem manufacturer. 9.5. Helping the authorIf you have liked the miniHOWTO, or if you have benefitted from the contents, then please do consider linking my project site Peaceful Action (http://www.peacefulaction.org) from your homepage, or whatever site you may be the webmaster of. See this page for more information. You may also consider telling your friends about Peaceful Action . To recommend Peaceful Action to a friend, please do visit this page. 9.6. GNU Free Documentation LicenseVersion 1.1, March 2000
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If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 4. MODIFICATIONSYou may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTSYou may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements." 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTSYou may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKSA compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate. 8. TRANSLATIONTranslation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License provided that you also include the original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original English version of this License, the original English version will prevail. 9. TERMINATIONYou may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSEThe Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
